2000:

2000:
o ’00: Big Brother
o ‘00: George Bush or Algore? (Problem with counting votes… – George Bush is elected president)
o ’01: Interactive Wimbledon
o ’01: Pop idol
o ’01: 9/11
o ’02: Launch of BBC4 (Aimed at ‘people who want more from TV’)
o ’02: Live autopsy
o ’03: More reality TV: The salon, Wife Swap.
o ’03: Start of Iraq war
o ’04: Hutton Report published: Conclusion –BBC’s claim that allegations had been ‘sexed up’ were unfounded. Dyke resigns.
o ’04: Asian Tsunami
o ’04: The secret policeman
o ’07: 7/7
o ‘07/’08: Phone in scandals

1990s:

1990s:
o ’90: Thatcher steps down, is succeeded by John Major
o ’91: Broadcasting Standards Council (Set up to monitor sex, violence and bad language on TV and radio).
o ’92: 'Black Wednesday: (Britain crashed out of the ERM – Huge devaluation of the £ - Gov loses £22bn)
o ’93: Creation of the EU
o ’95: Gaytime TV: On the BBC for gays and lesbians.
o ’97: Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister – Labour (BRINGS IN MORE WOMEN MPS)
o ’97: News 24 launches
o ’97: Queer as folk – (CH4 drama about 4 gay men living together- first to deal exclusively with gay storylines – receives complaints for its explicit sex scenes)
o ‘97- Channel 5 launches

1980s:

1980s:
o ‘80: Women Cops : Shows on BBC1 and ITV showing taking proper notice of female cops (women have been policewoman since 1949)
o ’81: Brixton race riots
o ’82: Falklands war
o ’84: Miners strike
o ’87: Ordination of female priests
o ’89: Launch of satellite TV
o ’89: Fall of Berlin wall

1970s:

1970s:
o ’70: Break up of the Beatles
o ’72: Newsround
o ’77: Death of Elvis
o ’73: Watergate Scandal/trial
o ’74: Nixon resigns as a result.
o ’75: The Naked Civil Servant (Defying moment in television’s depiction of gay lifestyles – tells the life story of a persecuted homosexual)
o ’76: Jeremy Thorpe Affair (trial following allegations that the MP had arranged to murder a man with whom he had a homosexual relationship)
o ’77: Roots (Programme about the slavery of African Americans – Historical dramas of this type defined the ‘70s)
o ’79: Thatcher Elected (Conservative party – ‘Iron lady’ – First female Prime Minister)
o

1960s:

1960s:
o ‘6o: Debut of Coronation ST.
o ‘6o: JFK takes over as president from Nixon.
o ’60: Introduction of the contraceptive pill.
o ’62: Marylyn Monroe found dead (Drug overdose – age 36)
o ’63: JFK assassinated
o ’64: Nelson Mandela sentenced to imprisonment
o ’65: Vietnam war becomes first to be televised
o ’66: England win world cup.

1950S:

1950s:
o ’50: Korean War
o ’52 : Funeral of King George V| (Broadcast live on TV – First monarch event to do so)
o ’53: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth || (Important event in the evolution of British TV. Was the first time that TV drew in a bigger audience than radio)
o ’53: ‘The Quarter Mass Experiment’ (First Sci-Fi show, drew a mass audience, was performed live each week)
o ’54: ‘The Grove Family’ (First British soap for adults. About a couple who struggle to build a home for their family after the war. Had ¼ of the population as its audience)
o ’54: First Daily TV news programme: (Richard Baker, still images)
o ’54: Television Act 1954 (?)
o ’55: ITV starts broadcasting (Ends BBC’s monopoly. Has commercials)
o ’55: Montgomery bus boycott (US civil rights movement)
o ’57: Suez crisis (Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigns as a result )
o ’57: First appointment at emergency award 10: (1st TV hospital drama)
o ’58: Black and White Minstrel show
o ’58: ITV screens the Arm Chair Theatre (represents the real working class in contrast to the BBC’s more conventional plays)
o ’59: Whickers World (Offering international news for the first time.)

Psycho: (1960) (USA)
-Directed by Alfred Hitchcock (the ‘master of suspense’)
-Regarded as the ‘Granddaddy’ of slasher films.
-Context: Based around the Ed Gein killings that occurred in the 1950s in America

Form: An extract from the film Psycho, famously known as ‘the shower scene’.

Function: To provide the audience with masochistic and sadistic pleasure.

• M-I-G-R-A-I-N
Media language:
-Extreme close-ups- provide masochistic pleasure for the audience through being able to identify with the character. Extreme close-ups also help to intensify and heighten the feeling of terror.
-Knife: Phallic symbol. Sign of male dominance and patriarchy as it penetrates the female character. Context (political/social): Link to 1960’s introduction of the contraceptive pill- ‘male backlash’?
-black and white colour: Hitchcock makes a deliberate decision to use black and white colour despite the availability of colour at the time. The conscious decision that Hitchcock makes to use B&W provides the film with a heightened sense of fear and anxiety by not being able to see everything in full reality/colour.
-Naked female – connotes vulnerability and sadism.
-Music- Dramatic, fast paced- adds to tension.

Institution:
Paramount pictures.

Genre:
Categorised by some as the ‘granddaddy’ of slasher films. Makes use of generic techniques such as a female victim, phallic symbols etc.
The conventions of slasher films have of course developed to include more elements such as a group of teenagers which psycho does not have.

Representation:
Female: victims, inferior.
The victim’s sister however, presents characteristics of strength and perseverance.

Audience:
Male
20s

Ideologies:
Issues of morality: The female victim takes part in adultery and theft. She is killed which aims to condemn such acts to the audience.
However, the male adulterer survives in the film. This suggests that the film has patriarchal values as the female is condemned but the male isn’t.

Narrative:
Linear narrative.
Relationship between mother and son: fatal downfall.

GGM Texts

Arranged shag..Laughing at Indian arranged marriages, the 'arranged shag' ridicules the concept of arranged marriage by making it look absurd.Also embracing stereotypes amongst Indian families themselves of Indian parents trying to be more 'modern' and 'English' (hence shag as opposed to marriage)



One of the “______ is Indian” sketches…Is funny because it takes the makes fun of the self Indian stereotype of seeing Indian culture as superior by thinking everyone/thing originated as Indian. Also, mocks British traditions through ridiculing the monarchy by associating it with the stereotypes commonly placed against Indians.




Chunky LaFungaParodies bollywood film, indians laughing at themselves.. being aware of sterotypes and embracing them.

Black actors win more TV roles

increase in people from ethnic minorities features in Tv soaps and dramas
Casualty, Eastenders reflect cultural diversity.
Problems with on screen portrayal of ethic minorities: presented as simplistic and one-sided picture of brit racial probs.

why? - because there arnt enough people from ethnic minorities in senior positions therefore the people making the programmes lack multi-cultural knowledge and experience.


Tv: tends to exaggerate the violence caused through racial tensions and fails to seek out voices to articulate the concerns of ordinary people from ethnic minorities.

Ethnic minority push by BBC - Matt Wells

BBC Asian Network - being expanded to digital to reach more Asians.
Station includes stories and issues that were either being underplayed or missed altogether by other bbc stations.

the Asian network has its own team of journalists, it has it own target audience, but it has been said that the BBC national news operation doesn't make enough news use of the Asian network's specialist knowledge.

Subcontinental drift - Nitin Sawhney (observer review)

Asian music making a break for the mainstream in the last 10 yrs: Cornershop, Asian Dub Foundation, Fin-da-mental etc..

British Asian experience : Goodness Gracious Me was the 1st Asian comedy series to receive recognistion from the bbc.
Musical Bombay Dreams has was a success in the West End capitalizing on Brit Asian talent.
Celluloid films: The Guru, Bend it like Beck, Monsoon Wedding, Anita and Me etc have all revieved mainstream support and recognition.

The arts are brimming with contributions from British Asians.

"The question isn't why is this all happening now, rather why has it taken so long?"

How entertainemtn changed: The media and multicultural Britain - Alex Webb

- Multicultural entertainment is now an important/successful part of the UK's mainstream media : Bend it like Beckham, East is East, Kumars at No42.

BBC News Online survey: - 78% people think ethnic minorities are better represented on TV now (than the last 10 yrs)
-73% Black people + 67% Indians agree.

-Still a long way to go as the success of blacks and Asians visible on screen is unmatched on off screen roles. 57% of asians thinks its harder to get work in the media than it is for whites. Greg Dyke agrees: "hideously white".

Girl power - From burning bras to High Street honeys, how times change

Is this empowering?

Once women burned their bras, today they send photos of their breasts to lad mags and call it liberating. Is this really a new form of feminism or just the old objectification, asks Sarah Montague, of BBC Radio 4's Today.

Twenty years ago when I was in my teens, Page Three girls seemed old fashioned. Surely it was just a matter of time before they disappeared altogether.

Not only has Page Three survived, it has been joined by almost every other page of a newspaper, including the front.

Katie Price - aka Jordan - uses her body as a business asset

These days I find myself in petrol station queues trying to explain to my five-year-old daughter why these women haven't got any clothes on. I don't know what message she takes from it. Perhaps she'll think the only exploitation going on is of men's sexual responses.

After all, women like glamour model Jordan have made a fortune from this sort of stuff. She's become a role model for thousands of young women who no longer see the sex industry as a last refuge if they're desperate but as something to aspire to. And it doesn't seem to be just down to the money it can pay.

A few months ago, a woman from Nuts TV told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that the reason thousands of young women chose to upload pictures of their breasts for free so that men could rate them on the Nuts website was because it was "empowering" to do so.

It reflects a change in society over the past ten years. I wouldn't blame the Spice Girls. I'm sure they just successfully tapped into something that was already there.

As a result of the success of feminism, women can now do exactly as men do. Not only are they doing the same jobs, they're drinking the same amount of alcohol and even treating sex in the same way. But 40 years after the Equal Pay Act, a female director in retail or business earns about £57,000 while a man in the same job earns £70,000, according to the Institute of Directors.

Preaching "girl power" to the converted

Ten years of girl power has coincided with the rise in what the journalist Ariel Levy has called "raunch culture" - a phrase describing how the sex industry has now become mainstream.

Perhaps no surprise that young women look at the images around them and conclude that, to be successful, they have to be sexy. They also often say that if they feel sexy, they feel confident.

The evidence is everywhere. At a competition for page three girls in Portsmouth, one entrant (wearing little more than a g-string) says we're "doing it for ourselves". She calls it a "confidence boost for us girls".

"If we get the cheers, we like ourselves even more," she says.

And that word "confidence" crops up again with young women in professional jobs I spoke to in west London. "If you're wearing smart and sort of sexy clothes, you feel more confident and empowered," says one.

Sauce for the goose...

But what is our image-obsessed society doing to teenagers? Girls struggling with their self-image are more prone to eating disorders and self-harming.

Every 10 or 15 years feminism needs to mutate and change and I think that's what groups like the Spice Girls did Author Katherine Townsend

And the boys? If the whole point of feminism is that you can wear what you like and people won't judge you, then someone needs to tell at least one bunch of teenagers in east London, who appear to assume women want to be treated as sex objects.

"The first thing that comes to mind is she's a 'ho'," one says. "The first thing, with girls like that, I see them as like easy targets - you can get their numbers, do whatever."

That doesn't matter if that is what the woman wants, but what if it's not? More women now report that they've been raped than ever before and convictions have not kept pace.

The first Reclaim the Night march was 30 years ago when organisers said there was a one in three chance of a conviction for rape. Now it's one in 20 and that's why marches have started again.

"I was raped by my best friend. I know for a fact if I had said to any other of my male friends that that happened, they would have said, 'well you must have been asking for it in some way' and that's really scary," says one victim.

Reinvention

But for Katherine Townsend, columnist and author of Sleeping Around, the rebranding of women's liberation was inevitable.

Back when empowerment meant the right to vote

"Every 10 or 15 years feminism needs to mutate and change and I think that's what groups like the Spice Girls did. It repackaged it in a very attractive way to young girls, but I don't think they can claim to speak for everyone."

And she believes it can be empowering to be considered sexy. "I'm not saying all women should go out and sleep around. For me it was a journey."

But Natasha Walter, author of New Feminism, says that while she felt "optimistic about where women were going" during the Spice Girls' era 10 years ago, she is now concerned about how feminism is being defined.

"I think obviously it can be empowering and liberating to throw off the shackles of modesty and go out there and be sexy.

"But I think we have to remember what empowerment and liberation meant - what is it in its wider sense? Let's not settle for the narrower sense."

Summary of Mulvey

Mulvey argued that in the classical Hollywood narrative the spectator is constructed as male. Over the history of history of Hollywood films the hero/central character have been predominantly male and female characters have sufficed as characters just to be looked at or be saved. Mulvey argued that this representation of men and women is the result of complex (male) fears revolving around castration anxiety (which as Freud stated is unconscious). The result of castration anxiety means that men are unable to feel sexually aroused by a woman without the processes of fetishization or objectification. Narcissism allows the male spectator to identify with the male character on stage who represents the ideal. The 'male gaze' theory is a coherent explanation for the dominating subordinate female roles in films, yet attitudes to women have changed and although film has not been so quick to reflect these films such as Alien and Tomb Raider have.

How Mulvey's theory links to my study:

-Narcissism : Male spectator receives narcissistic pleasure through identifying with the 'ideal' physical appeal of character Troy.
-Spectator: 'HSM' questions the validity of the dominant 'male spectator' position outlined by Mulvey. Although the film is not explicitly sexual the female spectators and male spectators alike are encouraged to see the opposite sex as an object of desire.
-Roles: More of an equal role between the male and female characters *not patriarchal*
Although, in 'Grease' there is a slightly larger emphasis on the spectator being male

Exercise 12.1 Beowulf:

Beowulf:

The film is a prime example of how men are addressed as the spectator in film.

The main character ‘Beowulf’ is male and drives the whole narrative. However, the physical form of Beowulf questions the validity of Mulvey’s outline of the male spectator as he is also objectified in the film. In many scenes he is presented as bare chested showing a toned chest and is even shown naked in one scene making him susceptible to the female gaze. In this way, female characters can be argued to identify with the male character by admiring his physical form.

The film is also follows stereotypical conventions through the subordinate portrayal of women. The narrative revolves largely around a macho hero saving a damsel (Propp) which again shows females as subservient to men.

However, it can be argued that the film attempts to challenge this representation through the devil character played by Angelina Jolie who sexually entices and traps Beowulf putting her in a more dominant position. Although, the effectiveness of this can be seen to be counteracted as the character is a devil suggesting that women on their own are not capable of such a thing and as a result need to be dehumanised. Additionally, the way in which the character achieves power over the male character is through demeaning her self by allowing her body to fall trap to the male gaze hence ultimately addressing the spectator as male.

There are clear examples of the rigid and stereotypical conventions of women in the film as conforming to the Madonna or whore. The princess is presented as pure, sensitive and truthful (fitting the description of the Madonna role). In contrast, Beowulf has a mistress (fitting the mold of the ‘whore’). A further more explicit example of the ‘whore’ is presented through a civilian character who is subjected to the male gaze as she makes noises connoting sexual pleasure and desire when cleaning a table with a large proportion of her breasts showing as she tries to entice another male character. In this way, the woman is presented as subordinate to the male as she seems desperate (not in control) and sexually aroused hence putting the man in the position of the spectator.

5 Adverts .....

1) Chanel Rouge Allure perfume advert.



Phallic symbols: The lipstick is a phallic symbol (form) , emphasized further through the way it ejects up and down.
Theorists:
Laura Mulvey: female is naked, whilst the man is fully dressed, so she is subject to the male gaze. Lots of panning shots of her body.
Anthony Cortese female is presented as the 'perfect provocateur' "good looks, sexual seductiveness, and perfections" "long legged"
extra:
Man is fully dressed - in control
Pouting lips - seductive.

2) Paris Hilton ad..



Phallic symbols: The bottle that she pours over her self is a phallic symbol..
bubble bath around her..
Theorists:
Laura Mulvey: female is naked, whilst the man is fully dressed, so she is subject to the male gaze. Lots of panning shots of her body.
Anthony Cortese female is presented as the 'perfect provocateur'

3) Christina A. perfume ad..

Phallic symbols: Perfume bottle
Theorists:
Anthony Cortese female is presented as the 'perfect provocateur'

4) Vintage 70's Commercial--Folger's/Mrs. Olsen

Theorists:
Gunter: men more likely to provide voice over
Scheibe: women more concerned with cleanliness family and pleasing others


5) Vintage 70's Commercial--Wisk Detergent

Theorists:
Gunter: men more likely to provide voice over

Scheibe: women more concerned with cleanliness family and pleasing others

The rise of the female chauvinist pig

Found an article that links to the representation of women...

Are young women being conned into believing that sexualised behaviour is liberating? ... or are girls in reality being exploited by male chauvinists?

interesting debate..

You can quote Ariel Levy and her book 'Female Chauvinist Pigs' in the exam

The rise of the female chauvinist pig

Feminist or foolhardy? We asked what you think

Are young women being conned into believing that sexualised behaviour is liberating?

That's the thesis behind a new book, called Female Chauvinist Pigs.

It argues that the trend among many young women for wearing sexy clothes, going to strip clubs or even taking up pole dancing is actually part of a gigantic con.

In reality, girls are being exploited by male chauvinists, according to the author Ariel Levy.

This morning on Breakfast:

We debated the rise of raunch culture, with the Ariel Levy and Sam Roddick, who runs a firm which specialises in sexy underwear and accessories.

watch our interview again

Watch our studio debate again

Forty years ago, being a "liberated" woman meant burning your bra; 30 years ago, it meant campaigning against Page Three girls.

Today, liberation is as likely to involve acquiring your own breast implants before heading for work as a "glamour" model.

What you told Breakfast I really don't think it's anyone's business as to what women do and why they do it. I do pole dancing and I'm not being conned. I'm more confident with myself and my body and I've toned up quite considerably. Melissa, Barnehurst Read more viewers' comments on our Your Say page

Shops have discovered that stationery with the Playboy bunny logo sells well to teenagers, even though they may never have heard of Hugh Heffner.

So, is it time for women to realise that the joke's on them? Are they doing the work of male chauvinist pigs for them?

We asked what you think

EXCUSE THE LAMENESS... IM NOT V.GOOD AT THIS

More about his career...

Wallace became Mirror editor in June 2004. Previously deputy editor of the Sunday Mirror, he could hardly have taken over at a more difficult time, replacing Piers Morgan who was sacked over the paper's fake Iraqi abuse photo scandal.

In his only interview since becoming editor, Wallace said he had taken the paper down a "more magazine-style road" skewed towards over-35 women.

"We need to get used to the idea that today's newspapers aren't necessarily about 'news'," he told Campaign.

He said his readers were ....

"the backbone of the country ... They're not groovy, they're not checking out gawker.com or updating their blogs. They're too busy holding down jobs, bringing up families, actually living in the real world."

Richard Wallace.

Who is he? ..

Richard Wallace is the current editor of British newspaper the Daily Mirror.

Wallace was appointed editor in 2004 on the dismissal of well-known editor Piers Morgan for publishing false images of British soldiers in Iraq.

Rated number 30 in the Guardian’s list of the 100 most influential people in the Media.

He is 46 years of age.

Is in the publishing industry.

In May 2007 the recorded circulation of the Daily Mirror stood at 1,554,610

Wallace has moved up 17 places as in 2006 he was ranked as 47 in the Guardian table.